Understanding of the nature of cost, the link between physical

Essays on Understanding of the nature of cost, the link between physical processes of manufacture, or service provision, and cost incurrence, and the problems likely to be encountered in product or service cost measurement Essay Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 The Topic in Context 3 Conclusion 7 Work Cited 8 Understanding of the Nature of Cost, the Link between Physical Processes of Manufacture, or Service Provision, and Cost Incurrence, and the Problems likely to be encountered in Product or Service Cost Measurement Introduction Any product is usually accompanied by the term cost. Cost is a combination of all the expenses incurred with the aim of achieving organizational goals. For products, cost will mean a monetary measurement of resources used as materials, labor, and overheads. On the hand, cost for a service will mean the monetary sacrifice made to provide the service. In services and products, accountants usually combine cost with other descriptive terms, for example, historical, product, prime, labor, or material. All the latter terms define some characteristics of the cost measurement or an aspect of the object being measured. The Topic in Context In order to take a product to the market the cost incurred in the same must be calculated. It is from such a calculation that the price of a specific product will be established. In most cases, the process of determining the cost is faced by some challenges and this may lead to either under or over pricing (Sherman, 13). When it is under pricing then the organization makes loss while when it is over pricing the organization makes huge profits at the expense of the customers. Cost measurement must therefore be done perfectly so that the pricing of the product is at its best. In this case, a product will be identified and it will be a drink. This will be a natural drink. Since it is a food product then the marketing of the same must be done to perfection since it will be competing with other drinks like the ones from the coca cola company that are in the whole world. It is very competitive to market a food product thus this will require a lot of technicality. In making the drink, the various processes that will be incurred are the inputs. This is for instance provision of raw materials. The raw materials that will be required in this will be fruits. Three fruits have already been chosen. They are mangoes, oranges, and bananas. The latter are the first hand products that will be required. At first, the cost of purchasing the raw products will be incurred. After this, the cost of labor will be incurred since this will have to be transported to the company. In the manufacturing, labor will be required since there must be workers who will be working to produce the final product. The cost of the latter has also to be accounted for. After the processing of the drink, there will be bottling. This will still need labor. Another resource that will be used in manufacturing the product is time. Time must always be to the minimum thus, there is a need to account for the time used so that in future ways of making the time least can be done (Sherman, 14). Other resources that will be required will be direct raw products that will be used in making the drink. This will be pure water, drink flavors, and preservatives. The most preferred preservative is sodium benzoate so that the health of the consumers is not affected since there are some food preservatives that have been proved unhealthy for human consumption. After manufacturing the product, the next thing will be marketing of the product. This is crucial since it will determine the importance of the manufacturing. In this, there are variety tasks that will be involved so that the product may be able to reach customers in the estimated places. One thing that will be done is market segmentation and positioning. The places where the products will be marketed must be defined. These must be areas with potential markets of such a product. In order to be perfect in market segmentation and positioning, there will be a need of consumer research. This will be done either during manufacturing or immediately after manufacturing so that it does not interfere with anything else in preparation for sale. There will also be test marketing. This will test the demand of the product in the positioned areas. When the demand is already known, then this will help to streamline the supply chain. Branding is also required. The company will establish a long-term method that it will use to brand its products by establishing a number of brand names that will be used in future to name products. In all the latter there will be need of transport means (Sherman, 22). This must have been planned for before starting the business and the expenses must be calculated. In this case, there are different costs that will be incurred; to begin with, we have the cost that will be incurred in holding meetings. At the onset of the business, there must be planners who will be involved to lay a good strategy for the product. In addition to this, there is setting up of the physical structure that will be called the company. This will involve costs in construction and purchasing of land. There will also be costs for buying the equipments that will be used. In general, all the latter will be named the initial costs. This will be done as one calculation and then the final figure given (Sherman, 20). There will be costs incurred in manufacturing and marketing. This will be combined together since there are some components in the two that will be put under one category. In both, for instance there is cost that will be incurred in pricing labor. This will be referred as labor costs and they will begin from all the workers involved in the manufacturing and marketing. There will also be transport cases since in both cases there will be transport expenses. In manufacturing, the transport cost will involve the one incurred in transporting the raw materials while in marketing it will involve transporting the finished products to the market. The latter will be termed as indirect expenses since they may not have direct impact to the pricing (Sherman, 25). We will still have the costs that will be involved in branding, consumer research, and market segmentation and positioning together with market entry strategies. Although they may not be high, they will still need to reflect on the total cost. They will, therefore, be referred to as activity costs (Sherman, 27). The prices have been classified as per unit. This will be crucial since they will be able to determine where there was overspending or under spending so that in future they can find ways of improving in such. This will be established by putting the different activities together as it has already been done for instance having the initial costs that will comprise a number of tasks performed at the onset of the business. This will however not be easy since some of the activities will occur from the start to the end. A good example is transport since in each case transport will have to be accounted for (Sherman, 29). If we account transport in manufacturing and marketing, then we will other expenses in the same for instance the fuel that will be used by the heads of the business. Some of the expenses may also be difficult to establish and this may still affect the total cost. After getting all the costs incurred either directly or indirectly, then they will be added to come up with the total cost. The total cost will be used for pricing. The organization will calculate the drinks that have been manufactured. After this, they will divide the total cost by the number of drinks. This will be used in pricing where they will add a certain percentage to the figure they get for each drink. The added figure will be the profit. They have to do this perfectly so that they do not incur losses. This will be pricing and then they will be able to take the product to the positioned areas (Sherman, 30). Conclusion In conclusion, starting of any profitable business will need good cost analysis. Cost will be accounted for from the word go until the product is in the market. The costs incurred are grouped so that there is ease in calculating them. They are then summed up to get the final total cost. The total cost is usually used to determine the price of the product. All the latter will require careful analysis. The pricing should be done in such a way that the consumers will not be much exploited. The business should also make reasonable profits. All these will determine much about the success of the business in future. The leaders in the business must therefore try to perfect in everything. Work Cited Sherman, Andrew. â€Å"Franchising and Licensing Two Powerful Ways to Grow Your Business in Any Economy†. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, 2011. Pp. 10-35.

Obstacles Older Adults Nutritional Food Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(340) " money is a major cause of nutrient insecurity, seniors sometimes â€Å" have adequate money for nutrient but are non able to entree nutrient because of transit or functional restrictions, or are non able to decently utilize nutrient because of functional damages and wellness jobs † \( Wolfe, Frongillo A ; Valois, 2010 \) \." As concluded by a reappraisal of the literature, the subject of hungriness and older grownups is drastically understudied. However, hungriness is an issue impacting the older grownup Afro-american population peculiarly in hapless, developing metropoliss such as Chester, Pennsylvania. The intent of this survey is to look into the barriers to nutrient security among the aged life in this country and farther heighten the current research ; the focal point will be on deficiency of mobility, socioeconomic position, and deficiency of cognition on proper nutrition and where to entree equal nutrient. We will write a custom essay sample on Obstacles Older Adults Nutritional Food Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The information will be gathered by a subjective question/answer study entitled Household Food Insecurity Access Scale ( HFIAS ) . This study will be distributed to Afro-american grownups 65 and older life in the Chester, PA country. The informations acquired from this survey will ease the execution of future plans in order to give older grownups in the Chester, PA country equal entree to nutritionary nutrient. The troubles of turning old frequently make one think of an addition in furrows, trouble with mobility, finance problems, worsening wellness, and loss of sight. However, a common happening non thought of when discoursing the predicaments of an older individual is hunger stabs ; the aged often experience a deficiency of equal nutrition, trouble affording repasts, jobs with mobility impacting trips to a food market shop, and a figure of other factors impacting their entree to nutritionary nutrient. The combination of these factors make it highly hard for aged grownups, particularly those populating in ignored metropoliss like Chester, Pennsylvania, to achieve equal nutrient and nutrition in order to pull off a healthy life style. To do affairs more hard, the aged are frequently excessively proud to inquire for aid when it comes to any of the battles they face as a member of the older population, doing an inauspicious consequence on their wellness, wellbeing, and quality of life. The Current State of the Problem The continuity of hungriness in a development, hardworking state like the U.S. is â€Å" the most profound contradiction of our age † ( Cohen A ; Reeves, 2005 ) . About 800 million in the underdeveloped universe, about 20 per centum of the entire population, are inveterate malnourished ( Cohen A ; Reeves, 2005 ) . Research has besides shown that at least 2 billion people suffer from vitamin and mineral lacks ( Cohen A ; Reeves, 2005 ) . The aged are a population enormously at hazard for this terrorization world. As the baby-boomer population is coming of age, there is a important rise in the Numberss of aged people in society ( Metz, 2000 ) . Research shows that people 65 and older represent 37 million people in the U.S. , about 12 per centum of the population at big. With such a representative per centum of Americans in this class, the troubles impacting their quality of life are of important importance. Quality of life in old age can frequently be affected by mobility, finance problems, unequal nutrition, sick wellness, and other troubles, although the relationship is non clear ( Metz, 2000 ) . Literature Review Discussions of the older population normally focuses on the disablements that diminish older grownups ‘ capableness to â€Å" obtain nutrient and and/or prepare repasts † ( Roe, 1990 ) . In a survey of hungriness and the aged, Schlenker ( 1984 ) â€Å" concluded that deficiency of entree to cooking installations may explicate their reported hungriness † ( Roe, 1990 ) . Poverty has besides been identified as a finding factor of diet insufficiencies in the aged ( Roe, 1990 ) . Posner ( 1979 ) â€Å" emphasized that those aged with really low incomes non merely hold less money to pass on nutrient, but they besides may hold more disablements that diminish nutrient entree than less destitute elderly, who have better wellness attention † ( Roe, 1990 ) . These factors have all been identified as critical determiners of hungriness and unequal entree to nutrient, yet no old surveies have determined which factors have a conjoining consequence, a more terrible impact, and how to repair these issues. The day of the months of these surveies, all before 1990 besides necessitate the demand for a more recent survey ; â€Å" Governments and international and national bureaus implementing nutrient and nutrition plans need information on the population ‘s nutrient insecurity to inform determination devising, proctor alteration and measure impact † ( FANTA, 2008 ) . The construct of mobility can hold an impact on many other countries of life, such as it does on adequate entree to nutrition. A research survey to achieve more information in this country is necessitated peculiarly because by look intoing the loss of mobility with increasing age and the impact this has on accessing equal nutrition could heighten the quality of life for an older individual ( Metz, 2000 ) . Adequate nutrition and wellbeing are of import facets of remaining healthy, yet can go progressively hard with old age ; by researching the barriers forestalling good wellness and nutrition in old age, such as mobility, societal workers and research workers will break measure the demands of the aged population and how to supply good services. Socioeconomic factors may besides foretell hungriness and subsequent ailment wellness ( Biros, Hoffman, A ; Resch, 2008 ) . Surveies have shown and estimated household income to be a factor forestalling persons from accessing equal nutrition ( Olson, 1999 ) . It is to no surprise that those with a lower income experience hungriness at a higher degree ; this is due to the fact they can non afford proper nutritionary nutrient and settle for fast nutrient eating houses or frozen processed nutrient. The aged population is no different. As stated above, this has an highly negative consequence on their wellness, every bit good as their emotional and mental wellbeing. The emphasis that can ensue due to the concerns and concerns an person of hapless socioeconomic position faces are a hapless influence on their mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing ( Biros, Hoffman, A ; Resch, 2008 ) . A combination of these factors, every bit good as the deficiency of equal nutrition, can hold a long p ermanent negative impact on the wellness of an aged individual. Although money is a major cause of nutrient insecurity, seniors sometimes â€Å" have adequate money for nutrient but are non able to entree nutrient because of transit or functional restrictions, or are non able to decently utilize nutrient because of functional damages and wellness jobs † ( Wolfe, Frongillo A ; Valois, 2010 ) . You read "Obstacles Older Adults Nutritional Food Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Although frequently hungriness in the U.S. is linked to poverty as a status reflecting unequal resources, it can besides be linked to miss of cognition about said resources. In a survey by Carlson, Andrews, and Bickel ( 1999 ) , an estimated 11.9 % of U.S. families ( 35 million people ) were nutrient insecure. Among these, 4.1 % of families ( with 6.9 million grownups ) â€Å" showed a repeating form of hungriness due to unequal resources for one or more of their grownup aˆÂ ¦ sometime during the period † ( Carlson, Andrews, A ; Bickel, 1999 ) . Many older grownups remain uninformed about the utile beginnings that can assist them discontinue their hungriness, and are hence uneducated about ways to achieve equal alimentary nutrient. Other effects of hapless nutritionary position include wellness, â€Å" in the broadest sense of [ the word ] including societal and mental wellbeing every bit good as physical wellness and overall quality of life † ( Olson, 1999, p. 521 ) . Hunger is associated with chronic hapless wellness and may coerce the aged to do picks that acutely impact their physical wellness and wellbeing ( Biros, Hoffman, A ; Resch, 2008 ) . It is of import in societal work research to acknowledge how nutrient insecurity can impact wellness and overall quality of life either straight or indirectly through nutritionary position particularly in old age. The wellness effects of nutrient insecurity among the aged population comprise a potentially rich country for future, socially relevant research in the Fieldss of nutritionary scientific disciplines and geriatrics. The scaring hazard of hungriness can be associated with â€Å" compromised psychosocial operation † and other refering emotional provinces ( Olson, 1999 ) ; these are factors of immense concern for persons stand foring at least 12 per centum of our state ‘s population. This survey will find the prevalence of hungriness, the barriers forestalling this sensed hungriness, and its sensed wellness effects among the aged. As concluded by a reappraisal of the literature, and antecedently stated, the relationship between hungriness and older grownups is comparatively understudied. However, as illustrated, hunger is an issue impacting the older grownup population. Similarly, the aforesaid factors are issues blighting the lives of older grownups that can do it even more hard to stay healthy and eat alimentary nutrients. It is necessary to look into more on this subject by planing a survey to farther heighten the current research in this country in order to assist the older, hungry population. The intent of this survey is to place what obstructions, if any, are forestalling older Afro-american grownups in the Chester, PA country from accomplishing equal nutritionary nutrient. This peculiar survey will concentrate on deficiency of mobility, socioeconomic position, and the absence of cognition on nutritionary beginnings of nutrient. The research inquiries will be: Are there barriers forestalling older Africa n American grownups from accessing equal nutrition? Make these barriers include small to no mobility, finance problems, and deficiency of cognition? What can we as research workers to make arrest and prevent this job for the hereafter? With the informations collected from the study, plans will be implemented to ease the distribution of nutritionary nutrient within the country in an attempt to discontinue the bing job of hungriness in the older grownup population. In a similar attempt, participants will have a press release on where to travel to acquire nutrient, consciousness on proper nutrition, and how to manage their fundss in order to properly supply for their households appetites. The Demographics Although much of the research and information stated therefore far reflects the older population at a wide degree, the African American older grownups populating in Chester, Pennsylvania are no different, and may in fact experience all of these negative factors at a much higher degree. People 65 and older represent 11.8 per centum of the population in Chester, PA and 15.6 per centum of the Pennsylvania population at big harmonizing to the 2008 US Census ( US Census ) . Furthermore, the lives of these older grownups are made more hard as Chester, Pennsylvania is a instead developing and unfortunate, neglected community. The average family income in this country is $ 33,365, which is significantly less than the mean Pennsylvania household income of $ 50,713 ( City-Data, 2008 ) . Residents with income below the poorness degree in 2008 was at an dismaying 27.2 per centum while the remainder of the province is at a much more stable per centum of 11 per centum ( City-Data, 2008 ) . The pop ulation in Chester, PA has 16.7 per centum of persons unemployed, a per centum much above province norm ( City-Data, 2008 ) . Similarly, the African American population per centum is significantly higher than province norm at 74.6 per centum ( City-Data, 2008 ) . In footings of nutrient environment statistics, the metropolis does non hold a food market shop within its metropolis bounds coercing occupants to go forth Chester to make their nutrient shopping. Furthermore, Chester is # 84 on the list of â€Å" Top 100 least-safe metropoliss in the U.S. † ( City-Data, 2008 ) . The combination of these unwanted statistics paints a graphic image of the neglected community that is Chester, PA. As if older grownups do non hold adequate jobs impacting their entree to adequate nutrition, it is clear to see that the African American older grownup population in Chester, PA has significantly more factors blighting their wellness and nutrition. In a survey by Wolfe, Frongillo, and Valois ( 2010 ) , Afro-american seniors are one population in peculiar that suffers from nutrient insecurity. Many urban elder African Americans rely on borrowing money from friends, â€Å" purchasing nutrient on recognition from local grocers, trusting on aid from close friends or household who were non ever able to supply the aid needed or making without. † With the bulk of the Chester, PA population in this class, an outstanding 74.6 per centum ( City-Data, 2008 ) , the senior Afro-american grownups who suffer from hungriness in this country demand help achieving satiating, alimentary nutrient. It is clip to acknowledge that adult females and kids are non the lone persons enduring from hungriness and malnutrition ; seniors are besides a group of greatest concern ( Wellman, Weddle, Kranz, A ; Brain, 1997 ) . The high degree of malnutrition among America ‘s older grownup is non merely unacceptable, but it is preventable ( Wellman et.al. , 1997 ) . It is necessary to increase public consciousness of the issue of hungriness and older grownups through this research survey in order to help older individuals in accessing equal nutrition. On a similar note, the fact that many of the surveies aforementioned in this literature reappraisal are dated by more than 5 old ages warrants a demand for this research survey. The intent of this survey is to look into the barriers to nutrient security among the aged life in this country and farther heighten the current research ; the focal point will be on deficiency of mobility, socioeconomic position, and deficiency of cognition on prop er nutrition and where to entree equal nutrient. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the possible obstructions forestalling older grownups in the Chester country from having equal nutrient and nutrition? MEDTHODOLOGY Sampling A ; Recruitment Procedures The population in this research survey includes Afro-american older grownups age 65 and older residing in Chester, PA, non in a nursing place or other healthcare installation. The names of the persons will be acquired from the Delaware County Office of Services for the Aging ( COSA ) . The sample will include both males and females in parts reflecting the current population ‘s per centums since the sample is critical to external cogency ; the findings can so be generalized to the larger mark population. The choice procedure will be done indiscriminately ; the topics in the survey will be chosen at random from the population. Every 3rd individual ‘s name on the list of older Afro-american grownups in Delaware County from COSA will be selected to finish the study. The participants will finish a consent missive that assures they understand their namelessness and confidentiality will be ensured. Study Design This is an exploratory survey which will specify the obstructions forestalling older grownups in the Chester country from having equal nutrient and nutrition. The information will be obtained from a assorted method cross-sectional attack. The participants will first finish a self-report study, followed by a more prodding interview in order to derive more cognition on this subject. The study is the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale ( HFIAS ) for Measurement of Food Access is obtained from the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . Measurement/Instrumentation For the intent of this survey, hungriness will be defined as holding â€Å" limited or unsure handiness of nutritionally equal and safe nutrients or limited or unsure ability to get acceptable nutrients in socially acceptable ways † ( Anderson, 1990, p. 1598 ) . Lack of mobility will include troubles traveling because of hapless articulations, arthritis, and other age-related troubles, every bit good as deficiency of a auto, or any other agencies of transit to the food market shop. Low fiscal position will be defined as the inability to decently supply alimentary nutrient, along with other necessities, for oneself and others in the place. The nutrient security study, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale ( HFIAS ) for Measurement of Food Access, will inquire each participant to self-report about their experiences and behaviours that indicate nutrient insecurity, â€Å" such as being unable, at times, to afford balanced repasts, cutting the size of repasts because of excessively small money for nutrient, or being hungry because of excessively small money for nutrient † ( Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, FANTA, 2008 ) . The HFIAS â€Å" is based on the 18-question U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module ( US HFSSM ) , which asks respondents to depict behaviours and attitudes that relate to the â€Å" spheres † , of the nutrient insecurity experience † ( FANTA, 2008 ) . These spheres include: â€Å" 1 ) anxiousness and uncertainness about the family nutrient supple, 2 ) insufficient quality ( includes assortment and penchants of the type of nutrient ) , and 3 ) insufficient nutri ent consumption and its physical effects † ( FANTA, 2008 ) . The inquiries are designed to be added to a standard baseline and concluding rating study. The consequences from old surveies empirical analyses showed the bulk of the graduated tables to hold good internal cogency for their informations sets. Similarly, the â€Å" external proof consequences were consistent with our analysis outlooks, but as a following measure we recommend that farther research be carried out to prove the external cogency of the index against extra indexs of nutrient insecurity and expected results of nutrient insecurity. The cogency was tested by proving the â€Å" internal, cross-cultural and external cogency of the HFIAS utilizing empirical informations collected by authoritiess, international and national bureaus in a assortment of states and operational contexts † ( FANTA, 2008 ) . Data Collection Procedures The study will be sent out, with anterior warning via a telephone call, to the person ‘s house and if non completed within 30 yearss, will be followed up with another telephone call. The nutrient security position of the person will be assigned based on the figure of food-insecure conditions reported in each of the spheres included. A high mark of nutrient insecurity on this trial will justify an aid plan from the province or local authorities. Other informations will be collected by detecting lodging conditions when with the participant for the in the flesh interview station study. Restriction There are a few possible failings and restrictions of this survey. First, the step of a self-report study is merely every bit accurate as the participant allows it to be ; self-report steps make it easy to be unfaithful when replying inquiries on one ‘s wonts and behaviours and this fact needs to be taken into consideration when analysing the consequences of this survey. In a similar manner, the aged is a population plagued with memory loss. The participants in this survey may non remember the information questioned precisely as it happened or describe the information right because of memory loss. The aged population besides experiences feelings of shame and embarrassment when describing they can non supply for themselves making the same consequence as the following two issues-inaccurate coverage. Significance OF THE STUDY As stated in the literature reappraisal, much of the bing research is really much so out-of-date. In an attempt to spread out upon the research and concentrate more on smaller populations whose hungriness is a concern, this survey will concentrate chiefly on the Afro-american older grownup population of Chester, PA. The survey is important because, as stated before, â€Å" authoritiess and international and national bureaus implementing nutrient and nutrition plans need information on the population ‘s nutrient insecurity to inform determination devising, proctor alteration and measure impact † ( FANTA, 2008 ) . The deductions of these findings will help the older African American grownups in this country in achieving equal nutrition which will increase their quality of life and healthy wellbeing. The consequences of these findings will better the wellbeing of the current societal work patterns in this country by get downing groups, a societal service plan and other sign ifiers of societal work in general. Mentions Biros, M. H. , Hoffman, P. L. , A ; Resch, K. ( 2008 ) . The Prevalence and Perceived Health Consequences of Hunger in Emergency Department Patient Populations. Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 12 ( 4 ) , 310-317. Carlson, S. J. , Andrews, M. S. , A ; Bickel, G. W. ( 1999 ) . Measuring Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: Development. The Journal of Nutrition, 99, 510-516. Chester, Pennsylvania ( PA 19013, 19016 ) profile: population, maps, existent estate, norms, places, statistics, resettlement, travel, occupations, infirmaries, schools, offense, traveling, houses, sex wrongdoers, intelligence, sex wrongdoers. ( n.d. ) . Stats about all US metropoliss – existent estate, resettlement info, house monetary values, place value calculator, recent gross revenues, cost of life, offense, race, income, exposure, instruction, maps, conditions, houses, schools, vicinities, and more. Retrieved December 15, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-data.com/city/Chester-Pennsylvania.html Cohen, M. J. , A ; Reeves, D. ( 2005 ) . Causes of Hunger. International Food Policy Research Institute, 19, 1-5. FANTA Publications on New Approaches for Measuring Household Food Insecurity and Poverty: Adaptation of the US Household Food Security Scale to Developing Country Contexts 2004. ( n.d. ) . Welcome to FANTA-2 ( Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project ) . Retrieved December 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fantaproject.org/publications/hfias.shtml Kendall, A. , Olson, C. , A ; Frongillo, E. ( 1996 ) . Relationship of Hunger and Food Insecurity to Food Availability and Consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96 ( 10 ) , 1019-1024. Metz, D. ( 2000 ) . Mobility of older people and their quality of life. Conveyance Policy, 7 ( 2 ) , 149-152. Olson, C. M. ( 1999 ) . Nutrition and Health Outcomes Associated with Food Insecurity. The Journal of Nutrition, 129 ( 2 ) , 521-524. Posner, B. M. ( 1979 ) . Nutrition and the aged. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Roe, D. A. , A ; Schlenker, E. ( 1984 ) . Food Choices of the Elderly. Drugs and nutrition in the geriatric patient ( pp. 27-46 ) . New York: Churchill Livingstone. Roe, D. A. ( 1990 ) . In-Home Nutritional Assessment of Inner-City Elderly1- . Journal of Nutrition, 90, 1538-1543. Wellman, N. S. , Weddle, D. O. , Kranz, S. , A ; Brain, C. T. ( 1997 ) . Elder insecurities: Poverty, hungriness, and malnutrition. American Dietetic Association. Journal of the American Dietetic Association ; , 97 ( 10 ) , 120-122. How to cite Obstacles Older Adults Nutritional Food Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Feasibility Study of Buko Shake free essay sample

The Most Important Qualities of an Outstanding Teacher Courtney Williams The qualities of an outstanding teacher are manifold. However some of the most important qualities are passion, leadership, classroom management, and content knowledge. Teachers serve several roles and each requires certain qualities. Essentially teachers accommodate the academic, social, and emotional needs of their students. This requires the aforementioned qualities to be exhibited consistently. When novice teachers begin teaching they possess a passion for their work. As time progresses that passion evolves into determination. The passion that an outstanding teacher has can reflect through their effectiveness. While in the classroom they have learned to adapt to various learning styles and classroom dynamics. Teaching is demanding in a variety of ways, which include time, effort, and commitment. A sense of selflessness also remains present, for these teachers overextend themselves in a productive manner to fulfill their objectives. In addition passionate teachers communicate with students and their parents, which creates a team effort to ensure progression. We will write a custom essay sample on Feasibility Study of Buko Shake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An outstanding teacher should also be a leader and good listener. Students seek teachers for guidance, so it is imperative that teachers display their leadership skills, while encouraging students to work towards guiding each other. As a leader one must be a responsible individual with integrity: take into account the views and concerns of others, and serve as mediators. Every outstanding teacher utilizes superior classroom management techniques. A healthy classroom environment should be safe, resourceful, and productive. By remaining organized with teaching aids and consistent with discipline measures, a system should be created in which students serve active roles in the classroom. These roles should include classroom assistants, and peer mediators. Furthermore outstanding teachers engage all students into each lesson, so they will feel they are part of a community. When this occurs students become more active in the learning process. The last most important quality that outstanding teachers possess is a concise understanding of the information being presented. Every teacher must execute their lesson plans in a dynamic fashion to cater to students diverse learning styles. The ability to be effective is supported by the ability to dissect, infer, map, chart, sequence, and answer questions about the given subject matter. The information has to be synchronized so that it can be made relevant to students lives. Simple understanding of subject matter may allow some teachers to intrigue students momentarily, but an in depth understanding can assist with creativity, capturing attention, and invoking student participation. Among the qualities that can be attributed to educators I strongly believe that passion, leadership, classroom management, and knowledge of content are conducive to becoming highly efficient and effective. When teachers are effective it enables students to reach their goals: as parents become involved teachers can help students realize their potential. Ultimately, effective teachers have the ability to influence students in schools and within communities; this is where leadership skills and determination manifest. |

The Inspector doesnt lead Eric Essay Example For Students

The Inspector doesnt lead Eric Essay Eva Smith is a name given to a person who cannot be identified, like the American: Jon Doe. The character Eva Smith could represent any person of low social, or financial standings, in Britain, the Inspector may not be talking about the same person every time. During each persons own interrogation, the Inspector uses a photograph to show each character the so-called Eva Smith that they had some part in killing. Whether the photograph was the same one every time is, again, open to interpretation. When the Inspector drops in on the Birling family, he is very dominant to start with. He is a very big and overbearing man, his clothes are in proper order (keeping to police regulations no doubt!), you can see he is a person of high morals and when he starts to speak Mr. Birling is not as in control as he thinks he is. We will write a custom essay on The Inspector doesnt lead Eric specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout the play the Inspector slowly starts to work out who was directly involved in the girls suicide, though he doesnt show it he is mentally putting together the clues to find an answer: who is the most guilty? The Inspector uses a technique based on the saying: if you give someone enough rope they will hang themselves, this means that if you (as the Inspector) lead a person on long enough they will eventually admit to their crimes. He uses this a lot in each of the characters interrogation. When the Inspector talks to Mr. Birling he uses a very dominant tone, no sympathy or anything because at the start Mr. Birling denies everything and cant admit that he had some part in Evas suicide. Mr. Birling gets very frustrated with the Inspector, as he is no longer in complete control. The Inspector starts to get angry with Mr. Birling when he says She had a lot to say, far to much, she had to go the Inspector sees this as a threat to society as he s suppressing freedom of speech. Mr. Birling is scared that he might loose his knighthood opportunity and his flawless reputation will be scarred because of the ordeal, and his cool calm in control faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade is shattered. Eventually Mr. Birling confesses, and feels guilt for what he did. You must look as if to intimidate him, but dont show it, try to outsmart him and teach him. The Inspector uses sarcastic wit to lead Mr. Birling more and to eventually confess to his crime. Next, the Inspector talks to Sheila Birling. The Inspector is not harsh to Sheila as he was to Mr. Birling, he acts more like a councellor to Sheila because he knows that Sheila is sorry about what she did and is making her feel more guilty by admitting her part in the crime. After Sheila comes her fianc, Gerald. The Inspector uses a tone similar to the one used when speaking to Sheila. He uses is sympathetic and uses a councellors approach to the interrogation. The Inspector tries not to meddle as much as he does with Mr. Birling, because he knows that what he is saying could wreck Gerald and Sheilas relationship apart. When speaking to Mrs. Birling the Inspector, again, uses the same dominant and demanding tone as he used whilst talking to Mr. Birling. When Mrs. Birling doesnt know what the Inspector is going to say, she starts off by saying that; Weve done a great deal of useful work in helping deserving cases but then she is made to eat her words when the Inspector starts to tell Mrs. Birling her involvement in the case. .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .postImageUrl , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:hover , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:visited , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:active { border:0!important; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:active , .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107 .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udea300394f2ae693dbf9cf50159bf107:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ghosts EssayBecause of her lack of responsibility in the matter, the Inspector gets very frustrated with Mrs. Birling, this is the only time we see him frustrated in the play, you must use the frustration in moderation throughout the play, as this is the only time the Inspector shows real emotion. The Inspector finally backs Mrs. Birling into a corner and thinks he has got her, but, she starts to blame the ordeal on other people so that her slate would be clean, she even blames her family. The last person the Inspector talks to is Eric Birling. The Inspector doesnt lead Eric on as much as the other characters, because he more or less admits to the whole thing without the Inspector hardly saying a thing. As the Inspector sees it, Eric drinks because of his guilt and if the Inspector lead him on any more then he would have another suicide case on his hands. Mr. Birling becomes very angry with Eric when he is confessing (because he stole the money), but the Inspector stops Mr. Birling because all he wants to hear is the truth, he doesnt care about how much trouble Eric is in with his father. When the Inspector arrives on the scene he immediately makes a dramatic impact on the quiet and peaceful scene. Your costume will include a dark suit of the period, with a bow tie and a brown coloured trench coat over the top. You will wear a hat, take it off when you arrive on the scene and then put it back on when leaving. You will act coolly and calmly throughout the play, adding touches of emotion during your last monologue.  I hope that you enjoy playing the role of the Inspector in our fine play, and we look forward to any contributions that you make to the dramatic effect of the play, thank you.

How to Label Digital Photos

How to Label Digital Photos How many times have you exclaimed in delight over the discovery of an old family photograph, only to turn it over and find out that absolutely nothing is written on the back? I can hear your groan of disappointment all the way from here. Wouldnt you give just about anything to have ancestors and relatives who took the time to label their family photographs? Whether you own a digital camera or use a scanner to digitize traditional family photographs, it is important to take some time and label your digital photos. This can be a  bit trickier than just getting out a pen, but if you learn to use something called image metadata  to label your digital photos, your future descendants will thank you. What Is Metadata? With respect to digital photos or other digital files, metadata  refers to the descriptive information embedded inside the file. Once added, this identifying information stays with the image, even if you move it to another device, or share it by email or online. There are two basic types of metadata that can be associated with a digital photo: EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format)  data is automatically captured by your camera or scanner at the time it is taken or created. The EXIF metadata stored with a digital photograph might include the date and time the photo was taken, the type and size of the image file, camera settings or, if youre using a camera or phone with GPS capabilities, the geolocation.IPTC or XMP  data is data that is editable by you, allowing you to add and store information with your photos such as a caption, descriptive tags, copyright information, etc. IPTC is the most widely used industry standard, originally created by the  International Press Telecommunications Council for adding to a photograph specific data including the creator, a description, and copyright information.  XMP  (Extensible Metadata Platform) was developed by Adobe in 2001 off of IPTC. For the end-users purpose, the two standards are pretty much interchangeable. How to Add Metadata to Your Digital Photos Special photo labeling software, or just about any graphics software program, allows you to add IPTC/XMP metadata to your digital photographs. Some also enable you to also use this information (date, tags, etc.) to organize your collection of digital photos.  Depending on the software you choose, the available metadata fields may vary, but generally include fields for: authortitlecopyrightcaptionkeywords or tags The steps involved in adding metadata descriptions to your digital photos varies by program, but usually involves some variation of opening a photo in your graphics editing software and selecting a menu item such as File Get Info or Window Info and then adding your information to the appropriate fields. Photo editing programs that support IPTC/XMO include Adobe Lightroom, Adobe Photoshop Elements, XnView, Irfanview, iPhoto, Picasa and BreezeBrowser Pro. You can also add some of your own metadata directly in Windows Vista, 7, 8 and 10, or in Mac OS X. View a full list of software applications that support IPTC on the IPTC website.   Using IrfanView to Label Digital Photos If you dont already have a preferred graphics program, or your graphics software doesnt support IPTC/XMO, then IrfanView is a free, open-source graphic viewer that runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux. To use IrfanView for editing IPTC metadata: Open a .jpeg image with IrfanView (this doesnt work with other image formats such as .tif)Select Image InformationClick on the IPTC info button in the bottom-left cornerAdd information to the fields you choose. I recommend using the caption field to identify people, places, events, and dates. If known, it is also great to capture the name of the photographer.When you have finished entering your information, click the Write button at the bottom of the screen, and then OK. You  can also add IPTC information to multiple photos at once by highlighting a set of thumbnail images of .jpeg files. Right-click on the highlighted thumbnails and select JPG lossless operations and then Set IPTC data to selected files. Enter information and hit the Write button. This will write your information to all of the highlighted photos. This is a good method for entering dates, photographer, etc. Individual photos can then be further edited to add more specific information. Now that youve been introduced to image metadata, you have no further excuse for not labeling your digital family photos. Your future descendants will thank you!

Latest vs. Last

Latest vs. Last Latest vs. Last Latest vs. Last By Maeve Maddox Chandan writes: I am confused between usage of word LATEST. Basically, it is being used in two opposite situations: 1. meaning late or last â€Å"Return my book latest by Monday† 2. meaning most recent â€Å"This is the latest book.† How is â€Å"latest† is used in 2 opposite contexts? English is often blamed for confusion and ambiguity that stems not from the language, but from the use of the language. As an adjective, latest has the meaning â€Å"most recent.† Ex. This is the latest book. Here’s the latest news. In order to use â€Å"latest† adverbially, with the meaning â€Å"at the last possible moment,† it needs to be placed in a phrase. Ex. Return my book on Monday at the latest. Here are some quotations with the correct use of the term on newspapers: jacket, the artist Christo stood on a platform looking over the Serpentine lake one April morning and watched his latest creation come to life. As ducks glided across the water, men in orange jumpsuits began assembling the installation (www.nytimes.com) of strategy and doctrine on cyberwarfare is less a product of inattention than of the still-early stage of this latest technology of destruction. The lack of doctrine and especially the lack of consensus on controlling destructive (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Hang, Hung, HangedWood vs. Wooden

Differentiating Brands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differentiating Brands - Essay Example However, they are the ones trying to keep up with the large brand nowadays, and it is through different strategies that they aim to realize their lost glory. Some individuals may say that Google is at a place where losing its market to some of its competition is next to impossible (Scott, 2008). This paper will examine three of Google’s main competitors, and find out if any of the strategies being implemented can work to topple the giant. Google, with regards to its competition, may have a difficult time trying to maintain the top position in terms of market share. Microsoft, Yahoo, and Facebook, as the three top contenders for the number one spot, are bringing in new ideas, innovations, and attitude to the IT world. They are trying to be the best at what they do, and to be the best, one has to beat the best. This is what they aim at achieving. They are now offering various products and services to their brand users across the globe, and their reward is the growing number of c onsumers they can boast of in the past year. The competition from all corners may make Google sweat a little as they work hard to maintain the strong grip on the ever-expanding market (Duthel, 2008). Google’s main competitors Microsoft In the IT world, Microsoft can be likened to no other. At this point in time, it is fair to assume that Google’s main competition comes from this dominant force that has ruled the technological world since time immemorial. Google reigns as champion when it comes down search engines. Microsoft’s differentiation strategy when it comes to search engines has led to the creation of image searches, mapping, and the rising Bing. This leads to a discovery that the success of one company leads to the determination and rise of another. This means that, Google is paving the way for more innovation and more competition from the other forces present in the business market (Hill & Jones, 2012). Yahoo A series of changes is being made to this we b phenomenon. This search engine, over the years, has helped millions across the world to access some of the many things that need addressing. Presently, users can now perform searches while getting educated on how to get the relevant and much needed results. A lot of other innovations are coming up, for example; Flickr integration and embedded video are some of the different products Yahoo is hoping will gain them their foothold in the market (Hill & Jones, 2012). Facebook Google and Facebook have been known to complement each other when it comes to the business and IT side (Hill & Jones, 2012). In truth, Facebook has helped Google attract a large share of consumers over the past two years, and due to this, both companies are growing at a particularly rapid pace. During the launch of a feature that could assist individuals find places and each other, Facebook is likely to create a huge challenge to Google. People can do this while on the social network so everything may be done whi le people are still connecting. This is a major product launch, which may see Facebook’s consumer base increase. How Google integrates differentiation into its marketing communication vehicles In terms of Google’s communication vehicles, there are different channels which are being utilized. Being a giant in the IT world, Google has millions of pages that have some of the products and services they offer. During the day, a lot of people in various organizations and institutions use the internet to carry out their

Whatever you see fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whatever you see fits - Essay Example The significance of the Electoral College is imminent in the elections but it is control by the power of the voter. The popular vote on the other hand does not affect the outcome of the presidential elections whatsoever. A presidential candidate may gunner the highest popular vote but trail in the electoral votes; this means they do not have success in the whole election process (Sabato, 34). The popular vote may only be used to examine if or not the United States citizens feel content with the outcome of a particular election. According to Chang the popular vote only has significance in the states where it determines the direction of the electoral votes (122). The Romney Ryan campaign will remain as one of the most strategic and expensive campaign the republicans have ever conducted. This particular campaign clinched the obvious republican states satisfactorily. The campaign failed when it came to the voting in the swing states. Ever presidential candidate has the ability of clinching all the electoral votes in the swing states if they use the correct strategy. In the Romney Ryan campaign the difference was made by the opinion of the republicans on social policies like gay marriages, abortion and issue regarding to women. The democrats won the people’s votes by being sensitive on these issues. If the Romney Ryan campaign was sensitive to these issues, the victory would be theirs for the taking. The Obama Biden campaign on the other hand won because it focused more on populous regions across the nation. Additionally, the campaign focused on satisfying the needs of the minority. The campaign was sensitive to the Hispanics, women and gay couples. This played a major role in ensuring the campaign clinched the majority of the votes in the swing states. With the obvious democrats’ states already in the bag, this move ensured the democrats remained superior also in the swing states.

Cultural Anthropology Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cultural Anthropology Assignment Essay English-Lueck is of the opinion that communication technologies have increased the ways in which we can keep track of our families. According to him the communication technologies have been a boon especially for the working mothers as they help them in being connected to their children’s lives even when they spend a lot of time outside home. But at the same time communication technologies have become a bane for them too. To explain this point English-Lueck uses the example of an ageing woman who enjoyed the position of the center of her family till a few years back. Due to the boom in the communication technology, her position has been eroded, as there are other things that her children have started paying importance to even in her presence. For example their constant email contacts keep them busy. As a result the modern gadgets are sharing the time they spent with their mother. So according to English-Lueck, there is a mixed effect of the technology. In some aspects it has enhanced family life while in another aspects, it has played deterrent to keep intact the old way of leading life. Molitor’s viewpoints are also similar to that of English-Lueck as far as the issue of the effect of communication technologies on families are concerned. According to him the modern technologies help us to stay in touch with our families even when we are physically away from them. To explain this point he throws light upon how even newborn babies are in constant touch with their parents through technology. Their parents with the help of two-way radio transmitters monitor every move that they take in their cribs. So though the way of stating their viewpoints is different, both the experts are similar in their analysis of the effect of communication technologies on maintaining family relationships. My family and I are greatly affected by the technological changes that have taken over the years. Each of us is just a click or a phone call away from each other. Even when all of us are so busy in our lives that we hardly get time to spend with each other, thanks of the innovative technologies, now we have complete track of one another as we are in constant touch with one another throughout the day. References English-Lueck, J. A. (Speaker). (1998). Technology and Social Change: The Effects on Family and Community. COSSA Congressional Seminar. Mackay, H. , Ivey, D. (2004). Modern Media in the home: An Ethnographic Study. Italy: John Libbey Publishing – CIC Srl. Molitor, G. T. T (2003). Communication technologies that will change our lives – Science Technology Retrieved Feb. 1, 2008 from, USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Website:://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_ml272/is_2692_131/ai_9628305/ print

The Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons Jazz Essay

One of the greatest tragedies in the 20th century can be seen in the debasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to it’s predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, â€Å"The â€Å"Jazz Mania† has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.†1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellington’s Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radio was delegated for late night audience only. This sub-culture treatment has led many critics to disregard the Jazz movement as a dance craze, or unsuccessful recreations of Classical pieces. This slandering of Jazz has not only created a false image of the music, but it has also lead to a full disconnection between the two genres. It is for this reason that I propose in my pap er to show the relationship between these two musical categories. My hopes in demonstrating these similarities is to disassemble the schism of ignorance built between the two, and place both Jazz and Classical music on equal footing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critics of Jazz have always perpetuated this schism by utilizing the reasoning behind Jazz, that of it being a free form interpretation, to question the legitimacy of calling a Jazz leader a composer. For how can one be styled as a proper composer and still remain true to the Traditional Jazz concepts? The classic composer has at their disposal highly skilled musicians who are trained to work within professional bodies, such as a symphony orchestra or string quartet, and who then relies on the efficiency of these professionally trained bodies to interpret his scores as he sees fit. On the surface this appears to run contradictory to the Jazz composer whom, â€Å"Has to write for specific combinations which do not exist until he brings them into being, and to rely on highly individual executants whose personal style must be blended together to give expression to his own ideas without†¦losing their individuality†.2 Yet to interpret this blending of highl y individualistic sounds as proof of a schism between this and the rigidly structured Classical composer is a false impression. This fallacy can be attributed to overemphasizing the sporadic and improvisational aspects of Jazz and refusi... ...usical category. From Bach to Mozart, Beethoven and even Tchaikovsyky employed it as a stylistic feature in their pieces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, one can see the shared characteristics of the two musical styles. Yet I find myself pressing again the reasoning for this paper, for I must submit that I am in no way declaring that Classical music equates Jazz. The two musical categories are different in numerous ways, but one must wonder does this difference justify the mistreatment of Jazz. Throughout history great innovations have been created not thought the passive means, but through the torrent fires of dissent. Classical music has born the scars of numerous dissenting musicians, all of who now stands as pinnacles of their craft. Yet now we have arrived at a time in which this reverent originality has become cause for scorn, and it is this debasement that I am addressing. By showing the similarities of the two genres, I had hoped in quenching this distaste for Jazz. This musical elitism that is being perpetuated can lead only to a disastrous finale for all who engage in it. Duke Ellington has it right when he stated, â€Å"There are only two types of music, good music and the rest.†18

Gideon’s Trumpet Book Report

Gideon’s Trumpet, a well-known book in the field of law was written by Anthony Lewis in 1964 and the book presents us with the true account of a man by the name of Clarence Earl Gideon, a semiliterate transient who is put in prison for breaking and entering and minor stealing. In the book we find a detailed account of the story of a man that managed to become a constitutional landmark. The book is set in the 1960’s in the beautiful state of Florida. The scenery is always in a courtroom or Gideon’s Jail cell. The setting is set in a time period where there civil unrests existed in equality. The book presents to the reader the story of Clarence Earl Gideon who was a petty thief previously. He conserved his documentation by applying for the slotting of a lawyer for him, and he filed an opportune appeal for doing so to the United States Supreme Court. As luck would have it, even though the Florida courts deprived him of legal representation, the judges appointed Abe Fortas, to dispute his grounds. His triumph, ceaselessly setting up the right of the underprivileged to advocate in criminal act cases in America, was one of the milestone cases of the Warren Court. The book, Gideon’s Trumpet has been penned down by the author in order to call to mind the old times behind the Gideon v. Wainwright court case and the ways in which it made such an everlasting impact on the laws of the United States. This exceptional book scrutinizes the case Gideon v. Wainwright, the milestone 1963 Supreme Court case which detained that impoverished criminal defendants are unconstrained to legal advocates at the expense of the government. Gideon’s Trumpet is an articulate and edifying book which provides the reader with at the imperative tale which has never before occurred in the United States legal system. The book is recited with an adequate amount of side comments on the subject of the legal procedure and communal framework and it also proposes an extensive viewpoint of the ordinary people at the legal system. On August 4, 1961, in the Circuit Court of the 14th Judicial Circuit of Florida, Mr. Gideon was tried and convicted by Judge Robert L McCrary, Jr. During this trial, Mr. Gideon didn’t have a counsel and was accused with burglary for breaking into a pool house in Panama City. Evidence, such as wine and loose change was found on Mr. Gideon. During this trial, Gideon actively seeked a counsel and asked the court on numerous occasions to provide him with a counsel. With each request, the court denied him the right to counsel. Thus, the case was extremely bias. Mr. Gideon had to represent himself against a state prosecutor. Gideon failed to understand the proper procedures in a law case and certain attorney techniques such as questioning the jury for bias opinions and asking relevant questions that lead to a point. Mr. Gideon simply asked questions that didn’t contain any lead and was shut down by the prosecutor. With the most unfavorable conditions, Clarence Earl Gideon was convicted and sentenced to five miserable years in prison. After a short time in jail, Gideon used the sources that were closest to him such as the prison library. Gideon checked out multiple books on law and studied his case. He then sent a petition to the Supreme Court of the United States to appeal the case. Mr. Gideon claimed that his 6th and thus 14 amendment rights have been clearly violated. His appeal went through the proper process and became approved. His efforts and his case caught the eye of case reviewers and thus his petition didn’t just go in the regular pile that went nowhere. The main character in the book is Clarence Earl Gideon. Despite the speculations, Gideon was not a black male but rather a white male with white hair. Gideon was born August 30th, 1910 in Hannibal Missouri. With the age of fifty-one, Gideon had a wrinkled and prematurely aged face. Mr. Gideon had a frail body with a voice and hands that trembled. Mr. Gideon survived off gambling and occasional thefts. Mr. Gideon would often find himself on the wrong side of the law. Gideon’s family had little education. Mr. Gideon ran away from his life of misery at the age of fourteen and ran away to California. From there, his life became the living definition of turmoil and Gideon would find himself in and out of jail. He was sentenced in a juvenile court in Ralls County Missouri for stealing clothes from a country store. In the later part of 1934, Mr. Gideon worked in a shoe factory because that was his skill. Within a short time, he was sentenced for stealing government property to wit a armory. While he was in jail, Gideon sent money back home to his folks. In 1937 through 1940, Gideon remained in jail until he escaped. In 1943, Mr. Gideon escaped prison another time. In 1944, Mr. Gideon was arrested again, this time for falsifying records while he was trying to work in a shoe company. In October 1955, he married his current wife named Ruth Ada Babineaux. Clarence accepted Ruth’s children, paying 8 eighty dollars to take custody of Ruth’s children. In 1956 Clarence received his 1st official son and in 1957 came the second son. Clarence understood the necessity of religion and infused religion on his household by sending the children to class fully prepared. There were other characters in the book. Abe Fortas was the defense attorney who represented Mr. Gideon. Fortas had just turned fifty-two years of age when he was assigned to Gideon’s case. Being born on June 19, 1910 to a modest family, Fortas loved living the grand life of being a lawyer graduating from Yale. Mr. Fortas flies around the world giving lectures and workshops. Fortas really had an interest for law on the philosophical aspects of law, such as what is really right. Fortas was a small man but with very powerful voice. His speech was very low and quail but had a great sense of intellectuality behind it. Justice Jackson was not a strong supporter of the judicial review. He wrote a statement in 1954 referring to the real strength of the Court. Justice Jackson wrote â€Å"The real strength of the position of the Court is probably in its indispensability to government under a written Constitution. It is difficult to see how the provisions of a one-hundred-and-fifty-year-old written document can have much vitality if there is not some permanent institution to translate them into current commands. Two other important characters in the book were Justices Black and Frankfurter. Chapter 6 provides an excellent review of methods of judicial, particularly those employed by Justices Black and Frankfurter. Lewis’s objective in this chapter is to provide the reader with some idea of the difficulty that a justice faces each time he is forced to decide a case. Gideon had lodged his complaint as if there wa s no precedent in the area of right to counsel. Gideon had made no reference to Betts, but the Court could certainly not ignore the presence of Betts in making its decision. At the crux of the issue which Lewis raises in this chapter is judicial review. The principle of judicial review has been accepted; however, the method about which method of judicial review should be used is still very much in question. As previously stated, Justice Frankfurter supposedly employed the judicial self-restraintist mode of judicial review. According to this model, the Court is to defer to the legislature and the states in its decision-making. Frankfurter expressed â€Å"apprehensiveness† about the Court interjecting its wisdom over that of the popularly elected legislature. In a stark contrast to Frankfurter, Justice Black’s method of interpretation held the Constitution’s provisions as â€Å"absolute† truths inviolable by the legislature. From this view, Justice Black did not have trouble overturning an act of the legislature that ran afoul of a Constitutional provision. However, as Lewis describes, the differing modes of interpretation employed by Frankfurter and Black are not always logically consistent. Frankfurter did not show deference in striking down the constitutionality of wiretapping and the provision of public funds to parochial schools. Justice Black did not act to strike down such actions as unconstitutional. As Abe Fortas began formulating his argument for the Court, he realized that for a justice like Frankfurter overturning the precedent of Betts would not be a simple task. As a judicial self-restraintist, Frankfurter usually held that the Court’s opinions were to be made under the guise of stare decisis, which means to stand by a decision. However, Frankfurter was not absolute in conforming to precedent. For instance, he voted to overturn the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine proscribed in Plessy v. Ferguson in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. For the reasons previously stated, Fortas felt that he would not face similar difficulties in convincing Justice Black to join his argument. Beyond precedent, the issue of federalism also presented a difficulty in Gideon’s case. Federalism has been an issue of utmost importance for the Court ever since its momentous decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland, in which the Court held that the federal government’s power to create a bank was superior to the states’. Relevant to Gideon’s claim was Frankfurter’s belief that the federal government should not impose upon the states to protect individual liberties. Justice Black had little of the same resistance. At the crux of the considerations Fortas was making in regard to the views of Justices Black and Frankfurter was the issue of incorporation. The biggest problem in the book was simply the fact that there was a great injustice done to Clarence Earl Gideon. During the initial trial, Mr. Gideon didn’t have a counsel and was accused with burglary for breaking into a pool house in Panama City. Evidence, such as wine and loose change was found on Mr. Gideon. During this trial, Gideon actively seeked a counsel and asked the court on numerous occasions to provide him with a counsel. With each request, the court denied him the right to counsel. Thus, the case was extremely bias. Mr. Gideon had to represent himself against a state prosecutor. Gideon failed to understand the proper procedures in a law case and certain attorney techniques such as questioning the jury for bias opinions and asking relevant questions that lead to a point. Mr. Gideon simply asked questions that didn’t contain any lead and was shut down by the prosecutor. With the most unfavorable conditions, Clarence Earl Gideon was convicted and sentenced to five miserable years in prison. Gideon felt that there would have been a better chance of him not being convicted if only he had a proper attorney. Gideon also believes that because he is poor, he should really have the right to be appointed a proper counsel. Therefore, Mr. Gideon sends in the petition in order to solve his conflict by having an appeal and have a retrial. In this retrial, Gideon hopes that justice will be served because he didn’t commit that crime. One of the most important events in the book was the landmark case Betts v. Brady. Betts v. Brady was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that denied counsel to indigent defendants when prosecuted by a state. It was overruled by Gideon v. Wainwright. In its decision in Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court had held that defendants in federal courts had a right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. In Powell v. Alabama, the Court had held that state defendants in capital cases were entitled to counsel, even when they could not afford it; however, the right to an attorney in trials in the states was not yet obligatory in all cases as it was in federal courts under Johnson v. Zerbst. In Betts v. Brady, Betts was indicted for robbery and upon his request for counsel, the trial judge refused, forcing Betts to represent himself. He was convicted of robbery, a conviction he eventually appealed to the Supreme Court on the basis that he was being held unlawfully because he had been denied counsel. At the end of the book, Clarence Gideon was granted a new trial. This time when he appeared for trial in the Circuit Court of Bay County, Florida, Gideon had a lawyer, and the lawyer made a difference. The jury acquitted Gideon in his retrial showing, in just one person’s case, what we know to be true: The right to counsel has profound meaning in the lives of those who are accused. Gideon’s Trumpet was a great book; it had a lot of factual information that was useful in the class. The book was on the subject of law, which I enjoy dearly so it was interesting. After reading this book I obtained a great deal of knowledge on such a landmark case that helped establish a position on such a on going debate.

Hartmann’s Ego Development and Adaptation Essay

Heinz Hartmann’s Ego Development and Adaptation was a more comprehensive development of Sigmund Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis. In the theory Freud divided the human mind into the id, ego and superego with each part having a specific function. The id was the internal instinctive drive for satisfaction of basic human needs and desires. The ego developed in a person to counter the id and its basic drive. The ego in some quarters is known as pride since it separated man from animal by controlling unbridled instinctive behavior. The superego constituted the conscience of the person and helped to balance the id and the ego, allowing either to operate only as necessary to satisfy basic human desires while maintaining the dignity of the individual (Hartmann, 1958). This paper is a summary of Hartmann’s theory on Ego Development and Adaptation. Ego Development and Adaptation Like Freud, Hartmann believed that the ego developed as a result of human interaction with the environment. This environment provided external stimuli such as rebuke by parents and mistakes such as falling down a slippery floor that shaped the way a person interacted with his environment after the experience (Hartmann, 1958). However, he went further to assiduously study ego functions hence coming up with a general psychology and a clinical instrument to evaluate the functioning of an individual and formulate therapeutic interventions. He believed that the ego was not formed just by external influences but also has innate capacities such as perception, attention, memory, concentration, motor coordination, and language. Under what he termed an average expectable environment these capacities developed independently of libidinal and aggressive drives; consequently they were not products of frustration and conflict (Hartmann, 1958). Nevertheless, he agreed that the human condition was inextricably embroiled in conflict thus some of the functions were shaped and conditioned by such conflicts. Aggressive and libidinal drives therefore helped shape these functions in the face of the conflicts (Hartmann, 1958). Conclusion So according to Hartmann the duty of the psychoanalyst is to neutralize the impulses shaped by conflict so as to expand conflict free functions. Only in this way can the psychoanalyst help facilitate the proper adaptation of the individual to his environment (Hartmann, 1958).

Free Essays on Response To Wagner

A while back, when first dealing with the subject of music in Nazi Germany, someone raised the point that Wagner would have made a great Nazi. I questioned this statement, since I always believed artists contain an aura of humanity about them, which places them above the petty differences and ideologies of the rest of the world. As an artist, I hoped that Wagner might realize his humanity, and object to the treatment of Jewish peoples during World War II (based on the juxtaposition of Wagner in World War II Nazi Germany). Thankfully, this reading corrected my flawed assumption. During this period in history, no Jewish state existed for people of Hebrew descent. Dishearteningly, Wagner did a good job of hammering this point home within the framework of this article. Examining the second paragraph proves this point: â€Å"The Jew speaks the language of the nation in whose midst he dwells from generation to generation, but he speaks it always as an alien.† According to Wagner, the Jew has no place within the nation and never will. Wagner goes too far when attacking the music of Felix Mendelssohn. Research online revealed the Mendelssohn family converted to Christianity. Upon completion of Hebrides, Wagner complemented the work. Even though Mendelssohn had family history rooted in Judaism, Wagner admitted â€Å"Hebrides is a masterpiece of a landscape-painter of the first order.† One can almost sense an indirect insult or devaluing of the composer, based upon his extremely weak Jewish heritage. Overall, this article changed my opinion on the original stance in class. Wagner, an obvious anti-Semite, would have fit perfectly on the Nazi Germany/Hitler bandwagon that emerged in Germany over half a century later. In fact, the Nazis championed Wagner’s music; perhaps because much of his criticism dealt so harshly with people of Jewish lineage. After reading this article, I probably won’t look at much of Wagner’s non... Free Essays on Response To Wagner Free Essays on Response To Wagner A while back, when first dealing with the subject of music in Nazi Germany, someone raised the point that Wagner would have made a great Nazi. I questioned this statement, since I always believed artists contain an aura of humanity about them, which places them above the petty differences and ideologies of the rest of the world. As an artist, I hoped that Wagner might realize his humanity, and object to the treatment of Jewish peoples during World War II (based on the juxtaposition of Wagner in World War II Nazi Germany). Thankfully, this reading corrected my flawed assumption. During this period in history, no Jewish state existed for people of Hebrew descent. Dishearteningly, Wagner did a good job of hammering this point home within the framework of this article. Examining the second paragraph proves this point: â€Å"The Jew speaks the language of the nation in whose midst he dwells from generation to generation, but he speaks it always as an alien.† According to Wagner, the Jew has no place within the nation and never will. Wagner goes too far when attacking the music of Felix Mendelssohn. Research online revealed the Mendelssohn family converted to Christianity. Upon completion of Hebrides, Wagner complemented the work. Even though Mendelssohn had family history rooted in Judaism, Wagner admitted â€Å"Hebrides is a masterpiece of a landscape-painter of the first order.† One can almost sense an indirect insult or devaluing of the composer, based upon his extremely weak Jewish heritage. Overall, this article changed my opinion on the original stance in class. Wagner, an obvious anti-Semite, would have fit perfectly on the Nazi Germany/Hitler bandwagon that emerged in Germany over half a century later. In fact, the Nazis championed Wagner’s music; perhaps because much of his criticism dealt so harshly with people of Jewish lineage. After reading this article, I probably won’t look at much of Wagner’s non...

The Present Tense of Verbs in English Grammar

The Present Tense of Verbs in English Grammar In English grammar, a present tense is a form of the  verb  occurring in the current moment that is represented by either the base form  or the -s  inflection  of  the third-person singular, contrasting with the past and future tenses. The present tense may also refer to an action or event that is ongoing or that takes place at the present moment. However, because the present tense in English can also be used to express a range of other meanings- including references to the past and future events, depending on the context- it is sometimes described as being unmarked for time.   The basic form of the present indicative is commonly  known as the simple present. Other verbal constructions referred to as present include the present progressive  as in are laughing, the present perfect  as in have laughed, and the present perfect progressive  as in have been laughing.   Functions of the Present Tense There are six common ways to use the present tense in English, though the most common function is to designate an action that is occurring at the time of speaking or writing like she lives in the house or to indicate habitual actions like I run every morning, and in some cases may be used to express general truths like time flies, scientific knowledge like light travels, and when referring to texts like Shakespeare says a rose by any other name would still smell as sweet. Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II note in the third edition of The Scribner Handbook for Writers that present tense also has some special rules for their usage, especially when indicating future time wherein they must be used with time expressions like we travel to Italy next week and Michael returns in the morning. Many authors and literary scholars have also noticed a recent trend in literary works to be written in the hipper present tense, whereas most works of great literature are written in the past tense. This is because modern literature relies on the use of the present tense to convey a sense of urgency and relevance to the text. The Four Present Tenses There are four unique forms of the present tense that can be used in English grammar: simple present, present progressive, present perfect, and present perfect progressive. The simple present is the most common form, used primarily to express facts and habits, detail the action of scheduled future events and to tell stories in a more compelling and engaging manner than past tense entails. In the present progressive sentences, a linking verb is often attached to the present progressive verb to indicate events that are ongoing in the present, such as I am searching or he is going while the present perfect tense is used to define actions that began in the past but are still ongoing like I have gone or he has searched. Finally, the present perfect progressive form is used to indicate a continuous activity that started in the past and is still ongoing or has recently been completed as in I have been searching or he has been depending on you.

Construction Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction Management - Coursework Example Different sizes of projects require different services, and so before one makes a decision on the system to use to require the services, size is one of the basic things to consider. This report is about the construction project that we undertook. Being the four of us, each member was given a different role and each member had to closely work together with the other members of the group in order to succeed. Negotiation was very important in the whole process as every member of the group had to convince the other three members of the group to sign the given roles assigned to each member. Since this was a small project, we used the contract management procurement system to come up with the roles and services that each group member was supposed to perform (Rodgers, 2000, p. 87). This procurement system is very efficient in gaining greater visibility for the whole project. With the use of the procurement lifecycle, the system is able to appropriately assign different roles to different co ntractors without being unfair to one party. The procurement system A construction project requires different parties, each playing different roles in the project. In contract management procurement system, each member of the project is given a specific role to play. The members have to agree to the given task by having a head of terms which both parties have to sign. In our project, the main contractor assigns roles to the different stakeholders of the project. Each member has the power to accept the roles or refuse. The roles are then put down in a heads of terms in which each stakeholder has to sign to show compliance to the given tasks. Contract management has a strict measure of negotiation. This means that before the members agree to the given roles, they have to come together and negotiate the roles. This will ensure that both parties avoid exploitation from the other members (Walker, 2008, p. 45). Being the head of the procurement process, I had to set up a lot of terms for the whole project. It was agreed that 50% of the payments were to be given before the start of the project, and the other half to be given when the project was completed. Changes to the heads of terms had to be done through the person affected through a signed new heads of terms. This will ensure that the project management does not change the terms during the project. During the formation of the roles, each member of the project sat with the other party who was to perform the given roles; then, they started the negotiation process, and this is where each heads of terms were made. Each member gave the other member the task that they were to perform and instructed how the payments will be given out. In case of a disagreement, the project manager had to get in to consult the problem. The members then drafted the heads of terms which each one of them had to sign to show compliance to the given task (Green 2010, p. 89). After the signing process, it is assumed that each member is satisf ied with the given terms and that in case of any changes, then they had to communicate with the management, and the terms can be changed only with the agreement of the other member of the team. This type of contract management is very crucial in the definition and management of risk. Each member clearly understands the risks they are getting into and what is totally required from them. They do not therefore rise complains later. In our project, this stage was

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example Remarkably, VCs consider diverse factors before deciding to invest their funds in various business opportunities. There are three major factors the VCS would evaluate to ascertain the viability of the business opportunities. The factors include market size, management team and technology, as outlined by Roberts and Barley (2004). The first factor that VCs consider when investing in a new business is the management team. Regarding the management team, the VC must evaluate the ability to adapt to prevailing marketing environment. In essence, it is the ability of the business to cope with the dynamicity and complexity of the business environment. VCS would consider whether to continue with the existing marketing team or employ more workforces. The management team should consist mostly of a focused team of entrepreneurs whose primary objective is the success of the business (Roberts & Barley, 2004). The second factor that VCs consider before venturing in the new business is the ‘market’. The market is the strength of every business. Either the market is the physical location of the business or any other platform where the exchange of goods and services take place. The entrepreneur should access the market size and formulate viable marketing strategies in order to evaluate the accessibility and the possibility of expansion and developing the market niche. The penetration of the business’ products is a great factor in marketing that is the ability of the products to compete in new markets. The third critical factor considered by VCs when investing in a new market is technology. Notably, technology is a current trend in the world of business. Most business operations, today, require technology to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the company. Technology facilitates speed and accuracy in the production process. The application of the technology in various departments would enable the company to limit the chances of

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation Essay

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation - Essay Example Toan-Thang works well independently and always takes the initiative to research information on his patients disease processes. In the clinic, his presentations are organized, clear and concise. He shows great confidence and poise. His technical skills are complete and accurate, including all the necessary information for the task. Toan-Thang also exhibits an outstanding patient care manner. He is courteous and empathetic as he gives patients’ need priority. He quickly gains the trust of his patients and gives them the best care possible. In summary, Toan-Thangs work ethics are outstanding and he is a true leader amongst his peers. He has an extensive and well applied knowledge of disease pathphysiology and therapy management. He is well disciplined, punctual, efficient, professional and courteous. His clinical skills and analytical skills are outstanding, plus he shows great clinical judgment on every level of care. With these attribute characteristics, I strongly believe he would be a great pharmacist. I hope your program would give him a chance to reach his goal. I highly recommend Toan-Thang Vo without reservation to your pharmacy

Rewards Influence Comparison Older And Younger Management Essay

Rewards Influence Comparison Older And Younger Management Essay Abstract Due to the increasing lifespan and lower birth rates, the world is facing a new challenging era in regard to managing the labor force. Many organizations are in a process of developing new and strategic policies in retaining and motivating the aging work population. Currently, the largest working generation comprises of Baby Boomers who will retire in the following 10 to 15 year. The increasing amount of older people in the labor market causes a shift in the motivation tools that upper management of any organization makes use of. This research paper focuses on how intrinsic and extrinsic rewards influence the motivation of elderly employees in comparison to younger. Key words: aging workforce, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, job satisfaction, job motivation, Baby Boomers generation, Xers generation, generational differences. Introduction The issues related to the global aging workforce are growing significantly in the past few years. Research shows that in the next decade, half of the world workforce will consist of above 55 year old employees (Kanfer Ackerman, 2004; Arnone, 2006; Streb, C. K, Voelpel, S. C., Leibold, M. 2008). The current aging generation of Baby Boomers consists of people who are well educated and trained but also they outnumber the following Xers generation. This fact affects the labor market and will force organizations (Arnone, 2006) to employ new strategies when meeting the expectations of their personnel. Research shows that the larger the number of elderly workers the more implications companies will face (Ng, Thomas W. H., Feldman, Daniel C., 2008). The main threats for managers in the knowledge based economies are the rising organizational costs, lack of well trained young personnel and difficulties to support the older employees (Goss, 2001). Preserving the older employees is an asset to an organization due to their knowledge and experience. To maintain and stimulate this group of people, on other hand is a difficult and costly task for the upper management. Rewards are perceived to motivate employees but little is known which type of reward most likely affects the performance of an older employee compared to a younger one (Giancola, 2008). According to Lord Farrington (2006) the retention and level of productivity of an employee is the result of how effectivelly the individual is motivated. Most of the researchers in this field focus on the factors which motivate personnel in general but age is often not taken into account. Little research has been conducted on age differences and factors that stimulate motivation (Lord Farrington, 2006). There is a substantial amount of academic literature which examines the perceived link between employees job expectations and the actual exchanged rewards in return. According to Wallace (2006) the exchanged rewards are highly correlated with job motivation. There are two main types of rewards intrinsic and extrinsic (ODriscoll, Michael P., Randall, Donna M. 1999). Both types reflect the degree of motivation of an employee. In order to improve the resource strategies, companies and researchers will have to test the relationship between employees perception of rewards, motivation and their age (Lord Farrington, 2006). It is assumed that people belonging to different work generations have also diverse rewards preferences. Therefore, the goal of this research is to investigate whether rewards that trigger job motivation among older workers are different to those that stimulate younger employees. Research gap An issue which arises from the current ageing workforce (Baby Boomers) in the world is the relatively lower percentage of younger specialists (generation X) in variety of business fields (Wallace, 2006). This fact leads to the overall shift in the organizational strategies and structures to retain older people longer on their job positions. It also implies further complications such as knowledge transfer and the retirement process of the Baby Boomers generation. Thus, successful retaining of these employees is strongly connected to motivation and rewards. There is an extensive research conducted on topics such as job motivation and job rewards. However, relatively little attention has been given to understand the impact of worker age on factors that affect worker motivation (Lord Farrington, 2006). There is a substantial empirical gap in studying the influence of aging on work motivation (Kanfer Ackerman, 2004). Job motivators differ between people from the two main working generations Baby Boomers and Xers (Wallace, 2006). The latter has a severe impact on the organizational strategies since the global workforce is ageing and there is immense necessity of retaining older people. Current literature focuses on four main topics: The effect of the global aging workforce on organizational structures and strategies The factors which stimulate job motivation Types of motivation Existing rewards and rewards systems employed by organization This paper deals with describing the effects of rewards on the job motivation in regard to the two working generations mentioned above. The research carried out focuses on the possible differences between rewards preferences of aging personnel. The nowadays average baby boomer is 55 years old while the average Xers is 38 years old. This age difference might influence the affiliation of different job rewards which stimulate the work motivation among both groups. The presented research gap leads to the following research question and conceptual model. Research question and Conceptual Model The main research question addressed in this paper is: What type of rewards influence job motivation among older employees in contract to younger? Who is considered an old and young employee? What are the main age-related working groups? What kind of rewards exists? How is motivation stimulated among employees? Which rewards stimulate the different work generations? Are there any differences between reward preferences of older and younger workers? The conceptual model describes the relationship between rewards and performance. As mentioned before, rewards create satisfaction which increases the job motivation (Herzberg F. , 1987). Rewards are seen as an independent variable and job motivation is the dependent variable. The moderator presented in this model is the age. It is argued that older and younger employees are motivated by different rewards. Consequently, age influences rewards which positively affect the job motivation. In this paper, the addressed questions are analyzed and answered by the use of a literature. Type of rewards and job motivation are further discussed and described in the literature review. By the use of this literature several hypotheses are constructed and a plan how to test these relations is presented in the methodology. Theory Aging population and workforce generations Developed countries all over the world are currently dealing with an exceptional change towards a new era of ageing work population. Research shows that the effect of aging will lead to a smaller ratio of the population being employed in the years after 2010 / 2020 (Kunà ©, 2009). In Europe, old-age dependency ratios are expected to reach 50 per cent by 2050 and the projection for the rest of the industrial countries worldwide has similar estimations (Kunà © 2009, Arnone 2006). For example, in America in 1977, 37% of the workforce was under age 30 compared with only 21% in 2002, and only 38% was 40 or older in 1977 versus 56% in 2002 (Perry, Lance S. 2010; Bond, Thompson, Galinsky, et al, 2003). Research shows that by the next two decades the aging population will double and around 80% of the Baby Boomers will remain professionally active even when they reach 65 years of age (Moberg, 2001). The projected demographic situation will create serious complications in the scope of the or ganizational polices, retirement plans, retaining personnel and knowledge transfer. Baby boomers generation comprise a large percentage of the knowledge-based labor market (those people born between 1946 and 1964) (Head, Baker, Bagwell, Moon, 2006) and since this group ages and retires it is the Xers generation (those people born between 1964 -1981) who will be expected to fill these positions (Wallace, 2006). However, this generation is much fewer in numbers than the previous generation and they are described as being more concerned about work-life balance. The most essential generation differences are related to the role that work plays in ones life (Kennedy, 2003) and as a result, Gen Xers are viewed as less loyal and committed to work, their careers and their employers compared to the Baby Boomers (Wallace, 2006). The latter generation is qualified as being open to challenges and pressure, performance driven and workaholic behavior (Lamm Meeks, 2009). On the other hand, Xers are described as the people who are creative but also like the fun and informality; Fo r them work is a complex challenge and they overcome it with demands for more free time (Lamm Meeks, 2009). Rewards and Motivation Some forty years ago, Hertzberg suggested that suggested that two types of rewards, intrinsic and extrinsic, may be used to motivate workers (Herzberg, 1966;1987). Use of rewards systems would be expected to lead to better organizational results. Later in the years, many researchers concluded that job rewards and motivation are strongly and positively related. Intrinsic rewards are those that exist in the job itself (Herzberg, 1987a). Examples are achievement, variety, challenge, autonomy, responsibility, and personal and professional growth (ODriscoll Randall, 1999; Mahaney, 2006). They also include status, recognition, praise from superiors and co-workers, personal satisfaction, and feelings of self-esteem (ODriscoll Randall, 1999). Employees are thought to be motivated to work hard to produce quality results when they have pride in their work, they enjoy their jobs, they believe their efforts are important to the success of the project, and their jobs are fun, challenging, and r ewarding (ODriscoll Randall, 1999). According to Herzberg, the job satisfaction resulting from these rewards is the source of employee motivation (Bassett-Jones, 2005). On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are external to the job itself. The comprise elements such as pay, fringe benefits, job security, promotions, private office space, and the social climate (Herzberg, 1987; ODriscoll Randall, 1999). Other examples include competitive salaries, pay raises, merit bonuses, retirement plans, and such indirect forms of payment as vacation and compensatory time off, (ODriscoll Randall, 1999). Employees are trained to be motivated to work hard to produce quality results when extrinsic rewards are present and provided because the failure to receive those rewards disappoints them. In other words, extrinsic rewards are not direct motivators but the lack of them causes people being disincentive (Herzberg F. , 1987). However, both types of rewards, intrinsic and extrinsic, have been shown to have positive effects on motivation (Wiersma, 1991). In relation to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, motivation can be described in the same manner: intrinsic motivation shows the relationship between employees and their job itself (Hui, 2000) (Hui and Lee 2000), and is developed from the individuals perceptions and needs (Sansone Harackiewicz, 2000); and extrinsic motivation refers to the relationship between individuals and external compensations such as salary (Komaki, 1982) Rewards, motivation and age As mentioned earlier there is a limited research done on the interrelations between rewards, motivation and age. A few researchers paid more attention to this issue by discussing the different trends in the values among Baby Boomers and Xers. According to Wallace (2006), Xers value more their flexibility and autonomy to work on their own, while Boomers are strongly committed and attached to the organization they work at. Smola Sutton (2002) describe Xers as being creative and innovative, technically savvy and multi-tasking orientated, while Boomers are seen as hard workers, long office hours and loyal to their employers. Managers are concerned that Xers have a lower level of work ethics and do not find work as significant as the Boomers (Wallace, 2006). Kanfer and Ackerman, (2004) argue that younger employees are more motivated by performance-contingent incentives, such as salary and are strongly motivated by structured supervision. In contrast, older employees value the structured supervision which eliminates effort demands. Jurkiewicz (2000) states that Baby Boomers demand more benefits in regard to their retirment plans, while Xers are interested in child care support. 401(k) retirement plans are mainly employer-sponsored and boomers are stimulated by them; in contrast, Xers could not care less (Jurkiewicz, 2000). Research shows that money is seen as the main extrinsic motivator for any generation (Sansone Harackiewicz, 2000). However, only money is not enough for most of the employees. Other age related differences in motivating employees is the example that Boomers are genuinely more concerned with their quality of time than money and Xers are willing to trade their financial benefits for more leisure time (Jurkiewicz, 2000). Yet, according to Jurkiewicz (2000), younger adults are more concerned about financial compensation than the older workers. According to Giancola (2008), there are most-valued rewards at work for each age group. Baby Boomers for instance, consider flexible retirement plans and assistance, job training and sabbaticals as the most valued rewards (Giancola, 2008). In comparison, Xers find rewards such as flexible working arrangements, skills development, real-time feedback, work-life balance and tangible, immediate rewards as the most important motivators. In addition, Reynolds (2005) argues that management stimulates Boomers by creating a sense that they are needed in the organization and that their contribution is of a vital importance. Xers, are inspired by direct feedback as stating that results are imporant, not the actual time spent on a task; or indications of how well they perform and what skills they can develop (Reynolds, 2005 ). Based on the current literature findings the following hypotheses are generated: H1: There is a significate relationship between employees age and reward preferences. H2: There is a significant difference in the importance of types of job rewards for what? between younger and older knowledge workers. H3: Intrinsic rewards are more strongly related to job motivation for Xers generation compared to Baby Boomers. H4: There is no difference in the level of job motivation between younger and older workers in their current jobs. I would skip this one, and concentrate on the relations between varaibels and not go into descriptions of situations H5: Satisfaction obtained from each reward is the same for Xers as it is for Boomers. In relation to H5 but also a more general remark: there is a difference between satisfaction and motivation. Your model is focusing on motivation, stick with that. Moreover, the relation between satisfaction and motivation is not clear. Some research states that they are positively related with satisfaction leiding up to motivation, some research indicates a relationship that is reverse, and some research states that they are negatively related with a higher dissatisfaction leading up to a higher motivation to act. Methodology The primary method to obtain information and insight regarding job rewards, motivation and older employees is by using secondary data. This data is collected from articles published in academic journals. The main research engine used to collect data is Business Source Premium. The information extracted from the literature found will be applied in constructing surveys and interviews. Please make a concrete plan to collect and analyse primary data with: questionnaire items and scales to measure the variables (stated all explicitly in an appendix), an indication of the sample (number of respondents and how the sample is determined), a description of the statistical analytical techniques that will be used. Parts you already have stated here but add and elaborate when necessary. These tools will be used to collect primary data. A sample of 150 well will be taken across different organization across West European countries. No random sampling will be used, due to the specific of the measur ement criteria. The companies which are meant to participate in this research should employ people from two main age groups and with no less than 50 employees. The age groups consist of employees between 29 and 46 (generation X) and 47+ (Baby Boomers) years of age. The reason why 47 is limitation age is because the youngest Baby Boomers at the moment are 47 years old. The selection of employees will not be random and there will be an equal distribution between participants who belong to either of the mentioned aged groups. These boundaries are set so that motivation versus rewards can be investigated where people have multiple hierarchical levels, age diversity and where decision making is done by more than one person. The reason why well educated people are the primary focus of this research is because skilled jobs are more jeopardized by the aging workforce. Thus, a loss of experienced and well educated employees will occur in the future. The participants in the undertaken research will be either surveyed or interviewed. The time limit for performing these actions will be between four to six months. It is assumed that this is a sufficient time to collect the data. The opinions gathered will be from members of both age groups so that comparison can be made. The survey will consist of open and close ended questions. The purpose of that is to collect ordinal and ratio data which will allow the researcher to perform future correlation and regression analysis. The program used to analyze the data will be SPSS. The last step of this research will be to use both primary and secondary data. This information will allow the researcher to analyze and summarize all the findings. These findings will be included in the Findings and Analysis chapter. The latter will be used to draw conclusions and recommendations. Findings and Analysis This chapter deals with the outcomes of the primary research. Conclusion This chapter presents all the results and conclusions drawn from the literature and primary research. Discussion This chapter describes any additional questions that can be research in the future.